Fault injection capabilities infrastructure
See also drivers/md/faulty.c and “every_nth” module option for scsi_debug.
Available fault injection capabilities
o failslab
injects slab allocation failures. (kmalloc(), kmem_cache_alloc(), …)
o fail_page_alloc
injects page allocation failures. (alloc_pages(), get_free_pages(), …)
o fail_make_request
injects disk IO errors on devices permitted by setting
/sys/block/
/sys/block/
Configure fault-injection capabilities behavior
o debugfs entries
fault-inject-debugfs kernel module provides some debugfs entries for runtime
configuration of fault-injection capabilities.
/sys/kernel/debug/fail*/probability:
likelihood of failure injection, in percent.
Format:Note that one-failure-per-hundred is a very high error rate
for some testcases. Consider setting probability=100 and configure
/sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval for such testcases./sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval:
specifies the interval between failures, for calls to
should_fail() that pass all the other tests.Note that if you enable this, by setting interval>1, you will
probably want to set probability=100./sys/kernel/debug/fail*/times:
specifies how many times failures may happen at most.
A value of -1 means “no limit”./sys/kernel/debug/fail*/space:
specifies an initial resource “budget”, decremented by “size”
on each call to should_fail(,size). Failure injection is
suppressed until “space” reaches zero./sys/kernel/debug/fail*/verbose
Format: { 0 | 1 | 2 }
specifies the verbosity of the messages when failure is
injected. ‘0’ means no messages; ‘1’ will print only a single
log line per failure; ‘2’ will print a call trace too – useful
to debug the problems revealed by fault injection./sys/kernel/debug/fail*/task-filter:
Format: { ‘Y’ | ‘N’ }
A value of ‘N’ disables filtering by process (default).
Any positive value limits failures to only processes indicated by
/proc//make-it-fail==1. /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-start:
/sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-end:
/sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-start:
/sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-end:
specifies the range of virtual addresses tested during
stacktrace walking. Failure is injected only if some caller
in the walked stacktrace lies within the required range, and
none lies within the rejected range.
Default required range is [0,ULONG_MAX) (whole of virtual address space).
Default rejected range is [0,0)./sys/kernel/debug/fail*/stacktrace-depth:
specifies the maximum stacktrace depth walked during search
for a caller within [require-start,require-end) OR
[reject-start,reject-end)./sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-highmem:
Format: { ‘Y’ | ‘N’ }
default is ‘N’, setting it to ‘Y’ won’t inject failures into
highmem/user allocations./sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait:
/sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-wait:
Format: { ‘Y’ | ‘N’ }
default is ‘N’, setting it to ‘Y’ will inject failures
only into non-sleep allocations (GFP_ATOMIC allocations)./sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/min-order:
specifies the minimum page allocation order to be injected
failures.
o Boot option
In order to inject faults while debugfs is not available (early boot time),
use the boot option:
failslab=
fail_page_alloc=
fail_make_request=<interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
How to add new fault injection capability
o #include <linux/fault-inject.h>
o define the fault attributes
DECLARE_FAULT_INJECTION(name);
Please see the definition of struct fault_attr in fault-inject.h
for details.
o provide a way to configure fault attributes
boot option
If you need to enable the fault injection capability from boot time, you can
provide boot option to configure it. There is a helper function for it:setup_fault_attr(attr, str);
debugfs entries
failslab, fail_page_alloc, and fail_make_request use this way.
Helper functions:init_fault_attr_entries(entries, attr, name);
void cleanup_fault_attr_entries(entries);module parameters
If the scope of the fault injection capability is limited to a
single kernel module, it is better to provide module parameters to
configure the fault attributes.
o add a hook to insert failures
Upon should_fail() returning true, client code should inject a failure.
should_fail(attr, size);
Application Examples
o Inject slab allocation failures into module init/exit code
#!/bin/bash
FAILTYPE=failslab
echo Y > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
faulty_system()
{
bash -c “echo 1 > /proc/self/make-it-fail && exec $*”
}
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo “Usage: $0 modulename [ modulename … ]”
exit 1
fi
for m in $*
do
echo inserting $m…
faulty_system modprobe $m
echo removing $m...
faulty_system modprobe -r $m
done
o Inject page allocation failures only for a specific module
#!/bin/bash
FAILTYPE=fail_page_alloc
module=$1
if [ -z $module ]
then
echo “Usage: $0
exit 1
fi
modprobe $module
if [ ! -d /sys/module/$module/sections ]
then
echo Module $module is not loaded
exit 1
fi
cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.text > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-start
cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.data > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-end
echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
echo -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-highmem
echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/stacktrace-depth
trap “echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability” SIGINT SIGTERM EXIT
echo “Injecting errors into the module $module… (interrupt to stop)”
sleep 1000000
