dm-raid
The device-mapper RAID (dm-raid) target provides a bridge from DM to MD.
It allows the MD RAID drivers to be accessed using a device-mapper
interface.
Mapping Table Interface
The target is named “raid” and it accepts the following parameters:
<#raid_devs>
raid4 RAID4 dedicated parity disk
raid5_la RAID5 left asymmetric
- rotating parity 0 with data continuation
raid5_ra RAID5 right asymmetric
- rotating parity N with data continuation
raid5_ls RAID5 left symmetric
- rotating parity 0 with data restart
raid5_rs RAID5 right symmetric
- rotating parity N with data restart
raid6_zr RAID6 zero restart
- rotating parity zero (left-to-right) with data restart
raid6_nr RAID6 N restart
- rotating parity N (right-to-left) with data restart
raid6_nc RAID6 N continue
- rotating parity N (right-to-left) with data continuation
raid10 Various RAID10 inspired algorithms chosen by additional params
- RAID10: Striped Mirrors (aka ‘Striping on top of mirrors’)
- RAID1E: Integrated Adjacent Stripe Mirroring
- and other similar RAID10 variants
Refererence: Chapter 4 of
http://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/SNIA_DDF_Technical_Position_v2.0.pdf
<#raid_params>: The number of parameters that follow.
Mandatory parameters:
“stripe size”. It is the only mandatory parameter and
is placed first.
followed by optional parameters (in any order):
[sync|nosync] Force or prevent RAID initialization.
[rebuild <idx>] Rebuild drive number 'idx' (first drive is 0).
[daemon_sleep <ms>]
Interval between runs of the bitmap daemon that
clear bits. A longer interval means less bitmap I/O but
resyncing after a failure is likely to take longer.
[min_recovery_rate <kB/sec/disk>] Throttle RAID initialization
[max_recovery_rate <kB/sec/disk>] Throttle RAID initialization
[write_mostly <idx>] Mark drive index 'idx' write-mostly.
[max_write_behind <sectors>] See '--write-behind=' (man mdadm)
[stripe_cache <sectors>] Stripe cache size (RAID 4/5/6 only)
[region_size <sectors>]
The region_size multiplied by the number of regions is the
logical size of the array. The bitmap records the device
synchronisation state for each region.
[raid10_copies <# copies>]
[raid10_format near]
These two options are used to alter the default layout of
a RAID10 configuration. The number of copies is can be
specified, but the default is 2. There are other variations
to how the copies are laid down - the default and only current
option is "near". Near copies are what most people think of
with respect to mirroring. If these options are left
unspecified, or 'raid10_copies 2' and/or 'raid10_format near'
are given, then the layouts for 2, 3 and 4 devices are:
2 drives 3 drives 4 drives
-------- ---------- --------------
A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A1 A1 A2 A2
A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A4 A4
A3 A3 A4 A4 A5 A5 A5 A6 A6
A4 A4 A5 A6 A6 A7 A7 A8 A8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
The 2-device layout is equivalent 2-way RAID1. The 4-device
layout is what a traditional RAID10 would look like. The
3-device layout is what might be called a 'RAID1E - Integrated
Adjacent Stripe Mirroring'.
<#raid_devs>: The number of devices composing the array.
Each device consists of two entries. The first is the device
containing the metadata (if any); the second is the one containing the
data.
If a drive has failed or is missing at creation time, a '-' can be
given for both the metadata and data drives for a given position.
Example Tables
RAID4 - 4 data drives, 1 parity (no metadata devices)
No metadata devices specified to hold superblock/bitmap info
Chunk size of 1MiB
(Lines separated for easy reading)
0 1960893648 raid
raid4 1 2048
5 - 8:17 - 8:33 - 8:49 - 8:65 - 8:81
RAID4 - 4 data drives, 1 parity (with metadata devices)
Chunk size of 1MiB, force RAID initialization,
min recovery rate at 20 kiB/sec/disk
0 1960893648 raid
raid4 4 2048 sync min_recovery_rate 20
5 8:17 8:18 8:33 8:34 8:49 8:50 8:65 8:66 8:81 8:82
Status Output
‘dmsetup table’ displays the table used to construct the mapping.
The optional parameters are always printed in the order listed
above with “sync” or “nosync” always output ahead of the other
arguments, regardless of the order used when originally loading the table.
Arguments that can be repeated are ordered by value.
‘dmsetup status’ yields information on the state and health of the array.
The output is as follows (normally a single line, but expanded here for
clarity):
1:
2:
3:
Line 1 is the standard output produced by device-mapper.
Line 2 & 3 are produced by the raid target and are best explained by example:
0 1960893648 raid raid4 5 AAAAA 2/490221568 init 0
Here we can see the RAID type is raid4, there are 5 devices - all of
which are ‘A’live, and the array is 2/490221568 complete with its initial
recovery. Here is a fuller description of the individual fields:
in-sync, ‘a’ = alive but not in-sync, ‘D’ = dead/failed.
the process described by ‘sync_action’. If the
‘sync_action’ is “check” or “repair”, then the process
of “resync” or “recover” can be considered complete.
idle - No synchronization action is being performed.
frozen - The current action has been halted.
resync - Array is undergoing its initial synchronization
or is resynchronizing after an unclean shutdown
(possibly aided by a bitmap).
recover - A device in the array is being rebuilt or
replaced.
check - A user-initiated full check of the array is
being performed. All blocks are read and
checked for consistency. The number of
discrepancies found are recorded in
array by this action.
repair - The same as “check”, but discrepancies are
corrected.
reshape - The array is undergoing a reshape.
in RAID1/10 or wrong parity values found in RAID4/5/6.
This value is valid only after a “check” of the array
is performed. A healthy array has a ‘mismatch_cnt’ of 0.
Message Interface
The dm-raid target will accept certain actions through the ‘message’ interface.
(‘man dmsetup’ for more information on the message interface.) These actions
include:
“idle” - Halt the current sync action.
“frozen” - Freeze the current sync action.
“resync” - Initiate/continue a resync.
“recover”- Initiate/continue a recover process.
“check” - Initiate a check (i.e. a “scrub”) of the array.
“repair” - Initiate a repair of the array.
“reshape”- Currently unsupported (-EINVAL).
Version History
1.0.0 Initial version. Support for RAID 4/5/6
1.1.0 Added support for RAID 1
1.2.0 Handle creation of arrays that contain failed devices.
1.3.0 Added support for RAID 10
1.3.1 Allow device replacement/rebuild for RAID 10
1.3.2 Fix/improve redundancy checking for RAID10
1.3.3 Add message interface to allow manipulation of the sync_action.
New status (STATUSTYPE_INFO) fields: sync_action and mismatch_cnt.
1.3.4 Add ability to restore transiently failed devices on resume.
1.3.5 ‘mismatch_cnt’ is zero unless [last_]sync_action is “check”.
