Operating Performance Points (OPP) Library
(C) 2009-2010 Nishanth Menon nm@ti.com, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Contents
Introduction
Initial OPP List Registration
OPP Search Functions
OPP Availability Control Functions
OPP Data Retrieval Functions
Cpufreq Table Generation
Data Structures
Introduction
1 What is an Operating Performance Point (OPP)?
Complex SoCs of today consists of a multiple sub-modules working in conjunction.
In an operational system executing varied use cases, not all modules in the SoC
need to function at their highest performing frequency all the time. To
facilitate this, sub-modules in a SoC are grouped into domains, allowing some
domains to run at lower voltage and frequency while other domains run at
voltage/frequency pairs that are higher.
The set of discrete tuples consisting of frequency and voltage pairs that
the device will support per domain are called Operating Performance Points or
OPPs.
As an example:
Let us consider an MPU device which supports the following:
{300MHz at minimum voltage of 1V}, {800MHz at minimum voltage of 1.2V},
{1GHz at minimum voltage of 1.3V}
We can represent these as three OPPs as the following {Hz, uV} tuples:
{300000000, 1000000}
{800000000, 1200000}
{1000000000, 1300000}
1.2 Operating Performance Points Library
OPP library provides a set of helper functions to organize and query the OPP
information. The library is located in drivers/base/power/opp.c and the header
is located in include/linux/opp.h. OPP library can be enabled by enabling
CONFIG_PM_OPP from power management menuconfig menu. OPP library depends on
CONFIG_PM as certain SoCs such as Texas Instrument’s OMAP framework allows to
optionally boot at a certain OPP without needing cpufreq.
Typical usage of the OPP library is as follows:
(users) -> registers a set of default OPPs -> (library)
SoC framework -> modifies on required cases certain OPPs -> OPP layer
-> queries to search/retrieve information ->
Architectures that provide a SoC framework for OPP should select ARCH_HAS_OPP
to make the OPP layer available.
OPP layer expects each domain to be represented by a unique device pointer. SoC
framework registers a set of initial OPPs per device with the OPP layer. This
list is expected to be an optimally small number typically around 5 per device.
This initial list contains a set of OPPs that the framework expects to be safely
enabled by default in the system.
Note on OPP Availability:
As the system proceeds to operate, SoC framework may choose to make certain
OPPs available or not available on each device based on various external
factors. Example usage: Thermal management or other exceptional situations where
SoC framework might choose to disable a higher frequency OPP to safely continue
operations until that OPP could be re-enabled if possible.
OPP library facilitates this concept in it’s implementation. The following
operational functions operate only on available opps:
opp_find_freq_{ceil, floor}, opp_get_voltage, opp_get_freq, opp_get_opp_count
and opp_init_cpufreq_table
opp_find_freq_exact is meant to be used to find the opp pointer which can then
be used for opp_enable/disable functions to make an opp available as required.
WARNING: Users of OPP library should refresh their availability count using
get_opp_count if opp_enable/disable functions are invoked for a device, the
exact mechanism to trigger these or the notification mechanism to other
dependent subsystems such as cpufreq are left to the discretion of the SoC
specific framework which uses the OPP library. Similar care needs to be taken
care to refresh the cpufreq table in cases of these operations.
WARNING on OPP List locking mechanism:
OPP library uses RCU for exclusivity. RCU allows the query functions to operate
in multiple contexts and this synchronization mechanism is optimal for a read
intensive operations on data structure as the OPP library caters to.
To ensure that the data retrieved are sane, the users such as SoC framework
should ensure that the section of code operating on OPP queries are locked
using RCU read locks. The opp_find_freq_{exact,ceil,floor},
opp_get_{voltage, freq, opp_count} fall into this category.
opp_{add,enable,disable} are updaters which use mutex and implement it’s own
RCU locking mechanisms. opp_init_cpufreq_table acts as an updater and uses
mutex to implment RCU updater strategy. These functions should NOT be called
under RCU locks and other contexts that prevent blocking functions in RCU or
mutex operations from working.
Initial OPP List Registration
The SoC implementation calls opp_add function iteratively to add OPPs per
device. It is expected that the SoC framework will register the OPP entries
optimally- typical numbers range to be less than 5. The list generated by
registering the OPPs is maintained by OPP library throughout the device
operation. The SoC framework can subsequently control the availability of the
OPPs dynamically using the opp_enable / disable functions.
opp_add - Add a new OPP for a specific domain represented by the device pointer.
The OPP is defined using the frequency and voltage. Once added, the OPP
is assumed to be available and control of it’s availability can be done
with the opp_enable/disable functions. OPP library internally stores
and manages this information in the opp struct. This function may be
used by SoC framework to define a optimal list as per the demands of
SoC usage environment.
WARNING: Do not use this function in interrupt context.
Example:
soc_pm_init()
{
/* Do things */
r = opp_add(mpu_dev, 1000000, 900000);
if (!r) {
pr_err("%s: unable to register mpu opp(%d)\n", r);
goto no_cpufreq;
}
/* Do cpufreq things */
no_cpufreq:
/* Do remaining things */
}
OPP Search Functions
High level framework such as cpufreq operates on frequencies. To map the
frequency back to the corresponding OPP, OPP library provides handy functions
to search the OPP list that OPP library internally manages. These search
functions return the matching pointer representing the opp if a match is
found, else returns error. These errors are expected to be handled by standard
error checks such as IS_ERR() and appropriate actions taken by the caller.
opp_find_freq_exact - Search for an OPP based on an exact frequency and
availability. This function is especially useful to enable an OPP which
is not available by default.
Example: In a case when SoC framework detects a situation where a
higher frequency could be made available, it can use this function to
find the OPP prior to call the opp_enable to actually make it available.
rcu_read_lock();
opp = opp_find_freq_exact(dev, 1000000000, false);
rcu_read_unlock();
/* dont operate on the pointer.. just do a sanity check.. /
if (IS_ERR(opp)) {
pr_err(“frequency not disabled!\n”);
/ trigger appropriate actions.. */
} else {
opp_enable(dev,1000000000);
}
NOTE: This is the only search function that operates on OPPs which are
not available.
opp_find_freq_floor - Search for an available OPP which is at most the
provided frequency. This function is useful while searching for a lesser
match OR operating on OPP information in the order of decreasing
frequency.
Example: To find the highest opp for a device:
freq = ULONG_MAX;
rcu_read_lock();
opp_find_freq_floor(dev, &freq);
rcu_read_unlock();
opp_find_freq_ceil - Search for an available OPP which is at least the
provided frequency. This function is useful while searching for a
higher match OR operating on OPP information in the order of increasing
frequency.
Example 1: To find the lowest opp for a device:
freq = 0;
rcu_read_lock();
opp_find_freq_ceil(dev, &freq);
rcu_read_unlock();
Example 2: A simplified implementation of a SoC cpufreq_driver->target:
soc_cpufreq_target(..)
{
/* Do stuff like policy checks etc. /
/ Find the best frequency match for the req /
rcu_read_lock();
opp = opp_find_freq_ceil(dev, &freq);
rcu_read_unlock();
if (!IS_ERR(opp))
soc_switch_to_freq_voltage(freq);
else
/ do something when we can’t satisfy the req /
/ do other stuff */
}
OPP Availability Control Functions
A default OPP list registered with the OPP library may not cater to all possible
situation. The OPP library provides a set of functions to modify the
availability of a OPP within the OPP list. This allows SoC frameworks to have
fine grained dynamic control of which sets of OPPs are operationally available.
These functions are intended to temporarily remove an OPP in conditions such
as thermal considerations (e.g. don’t use OPPx until the temperature drops).
WARNING: Do not use these functions in interrupt context.
opp_enable - Make a OPP available for operation.
Example: Lets say that 1GHz OPP is to be made available only if the
SoC temperature is lower than a certain threshold. The SoC framework
implementation might choose to do something as follows:
if (cur_temp < temp_low_thresh) {
/* Enable 1GHz if it was disabled /
rcu_read_lock();
opp = opp_find_freq_exact(dev, 1000000000, false);
rcu_read_unlock();
/ just error check */
if (!IS_ERR(opp))
ret = opp_enable(dev, 1000000000);
else
goto try_something_else;
}
opp_disable - Make an OPP to be not available for operation
Example: Lets say that 1GHz OPP is to be disabled if the temperature
exceeds a threshold value. The SoC framework implementation might
choose to do something as follows:
if (cur_temp > temp_high_thresh) {
/* Disable 1GHz if it was enabled /
rcu_read_lock();
opp = opp_find_freq_exact(dev, 1000000000, true);
rcu_read_unlock();
/ just error check */
if (!IS_ERR(opp))
ret = opp_disable(dev, 1000000000);
else
goto try_something_else;
}
OPP Data Retrieval Functions
Since OPP library abstracts away the OPP information, a set of functions to pull
information from the OPP structure is necessary. Once an OPP pointer is
retrieved using the search functions, the following functions can be used by SoC
framework to retrieve the information represented inside the OPP layer.
opp_get_voltage - Retrieve the voltage represented by the opp pointer.
Example: At a cpufreq transition to a different frequency, SoC
framework requires to set the voltage represented by the OPP using
the regulator framework to the Power Management chip providing the
voltage.
soc_switch_to_freq_voltage(freq)
{
/* do things /
rcu_read_lock();
opp = opp_find_freq_ceil(dev, &freq);
v = opp_get_voltage(opp);
rcu_read_unlock();
if (v)
regulator_set_voltage(.., v);
/ do other things */
}
opp_get_freq - Retrieve the freq represented by the opp pointer.
Example: Lets say the SoC framework uses a couple of helper functions
we could pass opp pointers instead of doing additional parameters to
handle quiet a bit of data parameters.
soc_cpufreq_target(..)
{
/* do things.. /
max_freq = ULONG_MAX;
rcu_read_lock();
max_opp = opp_find_freq_floor(dev,&max_freq);
requested_opp = opp_find_freq_ceil(dev,&freq);
if (!IS_ERR(max_opp) && !IS_ERR(requested_opp))
r = soc_test_validity(max_opp, requested_opp);
rcu_read_unlock();
/ do other things /
}
soc_test_validity(..)
{
if(opp_get_voltage(max_opp) < opp_get_voltage(requested_opp))
return -EINVAL;
if(opp_get_freq(max_opp) < opp_get_freq(requested_opp))
return -EINVAL;
/ do things.. */
}
opp_get_opp_count - Retrieve the number of available opps for a device
Example: Lets say a co-processor in the SoC needs to know the available
frequencies in a table, the main processor can notify as following:
soc_notify_coproc_available_frequencies()
{
/* Do things */
rcu_read_lock();
num_available = opp_get_opp_count(dev);
speeds = kzalloc(sizeof(u32) * num_available, GFP_KERNEL);
/* populate the table in increasing order */
freq = 0;
while (!IS_ERR(opp = opp_find_freq_ceil(dev, &freq))) {
speeds[i] = freq;
freq++;
i++;
}
rcu_read_unlock();
soc_notify_coproc(AVAILABLE_FREQs, speeds, num_available);
/* Do other things */
}
Cpufreq Table Generation
opp_init_cpufreq_table - cpufreq framework typically is initialized with
cpufreq_frequency_table_cpuinfo which is provided with the list of
frequencies that are available for operation. This function provides
a ready to use conversion routine to translate the OPP layer’s internal
information about the available frequencies into a format readily
providable to cpufreq.WARNING: Do not use this function in interrupt context.
Example:
soc_pm_init()
{/* Do things */ r = opp_init_cpufreq_table(dev, &freq_table); if (!r) cpufreq_frequency_table_cpuinfo(policy, freq_table); /* Do other things */}
NOTE: This function is available only if CONFIG_CPU_FREQ is enabled in
addition to CONFIG_PM as power management feature is required to
dynamically scale voltage and frequency in a system.
opp_free_cpufreq_table - Free up the table allocated by opp_init_cpufreq_table
Data Structures
Typically an SoC contains multiple voltage domains which are variable. Each
domain is represented by a device pointer. The relationship to OPP can be
represented as follows:
SoC
|- device 1
| |- opp 1 (availability, freq, voltage)
| |- opp 2 ..
… …
|- opp n .. |- device 2 ...- device m
OPP library maintains a internal list that the SoC framework populates and
accessed by various functions as described above. However, the structures
representing the actual OPPs and domains are internal to the OPP library itself
to allow for suitable abstraction reusable across systems.
struct opp - The internal data structure of OPP library which is used to
represent an OPP. In addition to the freq, voltage, availability
information, it also contains internal book keeping information required
for the OPP library to operate on. Pointer to this structure is
provided back to the users such as SoC framework to be used as a
identifier for OPP in the interactions with OPP layer.
WARNING: The struct opp pointer should not be parsed or modified by the
users. The defaults of for an instance is populated by opp_add, but the
availability of the OPP can be modified by opp_enable/disable functions.
struct device - This is used to identify a domain to the OPP layer. The
nature of the device and it’s implementation is left to the user of
OPP library such as the SoC framework.
Overall, in a simplistic view, the data structure operations is represented as
following:
Initialization / modification:
+—–+ /- opp_enable
opp_add –> | opp | <——-
| +—–+ - opp_disable
-——> domain_info(device)
Search functions:
/– opp_find_freq_ceil —\ +—–+
domain_info<—- opp_find_freq_exact —–> | opp |
-- opp_find_freq_floor —/ +—–+
Retrieval functions:
+—–+ /- opp_get_voltage
| opp | <—
+—–+ - opp_get_freq
domain_info <- opp_get_opp_count
