The cgroup freezer is useful to batch job management system which start
and stop sets of tasks in order to schedule the resources of a machine
according to the desires of a system administrator. This sort of program
is often used on HPC clusters to schedule access to the cluster as a
whole. The cgroup freezer uses cgroups to describe the set of tasks to
be started/stopped by the batch job management system. It also provides
a means to start and stop the tasks composing the job.
The cgroup freezer will also be useful for checkpointing running groups
of tasks. The freezer allows the checkpoint code to obtain a consistent
image of the tasks by attempting to force the tasks in a cgroup into a
quiescent state. Once the tasks are quiescent another task can
walk /proc or invoke a kernel interface to gather information about the
quiesced tasks. Checkpointed tasks can be restarted later should a
recoverable error occur. This also allows the checkpointed tasks to be
migrated between nodes in a cluster by copying the gathered information
to another node and restarting the tasks there.
Sequences of SIGSTOP and SIGCONT are not always sufficient for stopping
and resuming tasks in userspace. Both of these signals are observable
from within the tasks we wish to freeze. While SIGSTOP cannot be caught,
blocked, or ignored it can be seen by waiting or ptracing parent tasks.
SIGCONT is especially unsuitable since it can be caught by the task. Any
programs designed to watch for SIGSTOP and SIGCONT could be broken by
attempting to use SIGSTOP and SIGCONT to stop and resume tasks. We can
demonstrate this problem using nested bash shells:
$ echo $$
16644
$ bash
$ echo $$
16690
From a second, unrelated bash shell:
$ kill -SIGSTOP 16690
$ kill -SIGCONT 16990
<at this point 16990 exits and causes 16644 to exit too>
This happens because bash can observe both signals and choose how it
responds to them.
Another example of a program which catches and responds to these
signals is gdb. In fact any program designed to use ptrace is likely to
have a problem with this method of stopping and resuming tasks.
In contrast, the cgroup freezer uses the kernel freezer code to
prevent the freeze/unfreeze cycle from becoming visible to the tasks
being frozen. This allows the bash example above and gdb to run as
expected.
The freezer subsystem in the container filesystem defines a file named
freezer.state. Writing “FROZEN” to the state file will freeze all tasks in the
cgroup. Subsequently writing “THAWED” will unfreeze the tasks in the cgroup.
Reading will return the current state.
Note freezer.state doesn’t exist in root cgroup, which means root cgroup
is non-freezable.
Examples of usage :
mkdir /containers
mount -t cgroup -ofreezer freezer /containers
mkdir /containers/0
echo $some_pid > /containers/0/tasks
to get status of the freezer subsystem :
cat /containers/0/freezer.state
THAWED
to freeze all tasks in the container :
echo FROZEN > /containers/0/freezer.state
cat /containers/0/freezer.state
FREEZING
cat /containers/0/freezer.state
FROZEN
to unfreeze all tasks in the container :
echo THAWED > /containers/0/freezer.state
cat /containers/0/freezer.state
THAWED
This is the basic mechanism which should do the right thing for user space task
in a simple scenario.
It’s important to note that freezing can be incomplete. In that case we return
EBUSY. This means that some tasks in the cgroup are busy doing something that
prevents us from completely freezing the cgroup at this time. After EBUSY,
the cgroup will remain partially frozen – reflected by freezer.state reporting
“FREEZING” when read. The state will remain “FREEZING” until one of these
things happens:
1) Userspace cancels the freezing operation by writing "THAWED" to
the freezer.state file
2) Userspace retries the freezing operation by writing "FROZEN" to
the freezer.state file (writing "FREEZING" is not legal
and returns EINVAL)
3) The tasks that blocked the cgroup from entering the "FROZEN"
state disappear from the cgroup's set of tasks.
